¹ On these two coalfields, Garside, W. R., The Durham Miners 1919–69 (1971)Google Scholar, and Arnot, R. Page, South Wales Miners. A History of the South Wales Miners' Federation, 1898–1914 (1967).Google Scholar More recent studies do indicate a widening of approach: Miners, Quarrymen and Saltworkers, ed. by R. Samuel (1977), and Independent Collier. The Coal Miner as Archetypal Proletarian Reconsidered, ed. by R. Harrison (1978).

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⁴ General Report on South Wales and Monmouthshire, H. S. Jevons Manuscripts IV 126Google Scholar (first schedule), National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.

⁵ Ibid., Merthyr and Cardiff files.

⁶ Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1918–19, Vol. II: Minutes of Evidence [PP, 1919, XII], q. 25498.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ Glamorgan County Record Office, D/D Vau Box 4, Ra 14/48 and BJ/V/168–185 contain information on building clubs. South Wales Daily News, 17 June 1907, has an interview with the solicitor of 19 building clubs in Merthyr Tydfil. The clubs are discussed by Jevons, H. S., The British Coal Trade (1915), pp. 646–48Google Scholar, and Richards, “Fluctuations”, op. cit., pp. 191–97.

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¹⁴ Richards, , “Fluctuations”, pp. 201–02Google Scholar and table LXX, p. 292.

¹⁵ Western Mail Record of Property Sales for 1908.

¹⁶ Co-operative societies did provide some houses and mortgages, but on a very small scale. Lloyd, E., History of the Crook and Neighbourhood Co-operative Corn Mill, Flour and Provision Society Ltd., 1865–1915 (1915), pp. 191–94Google Scholar; Ross, A. B., Jubilee History of Pittington Amicable Industrial Society Ltd., 1874–1924 (1924), pp. 22, 73, 80–81Google Scholar; White, J. W. and Simpson, R., Jubilee History of West Stanley Co-operative Society Ltd., 1876–1926 (1926), pp. 68–72, 224Google Scholar; Ross, T. and Stoddart, A., Jubilee History of Annfield Plain Industrial Co-operative Society Ltd., 1870–1920 (1921), pp. 92–93Google Scholar; Simpson, W., A Short History of the Cramlington District Co-operative Society Ltd., 1861–1911 (1911), pp. 168–72Google Scholar; Readshaw, T., History of the Bishop Aukland Industrial Co-operative Flour and Provision Society Ltd., 1860–1910(1910), pp. 193–215.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Durham Coal Owners' Association (hereafter DCOA), Summary of returns re houses and house rent, October 1894, and Returns as to houses or rents and coals (underground workmen only), August 1913, DCRO, NCB l/CO/86 348, 668; Viewer's Reports for Thomas Hedley Bros., ibid., 3/62.

¹⁹ See below, p. 159; Daunton, “Down the pit”, loc. cit.; DCOA, Houses and house rent, November 1896, DCRO, NCB l/CO/86 366.

²⁰ Returns as to houses or rents and coals, August 1913, DCRO, NCB l/CO/86 667.

²¹ DCOA and DMA, Joint return as to houses and rent, June 1906, DCRO, NCB l/CO/86 551. See also Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1925, Vol. III, p. 249.Google Scholar

²² I owe this suggestion to Professor Norman McCord.

²³ See Fynes, R., The Miners of Northumberland and Durham (1873)Google Scholar, and Wel-bourne, E., The Miners' Union of Northumberland and Durham (1923).Google Scholar

²⁴ I am grateful to Bill Williamson for drawing my attention to this reference in NCRO 407/2, pp. 253–54.

²⁵ Quoted by Jones, , “Aspects”, pp. 295–96Google Scholar, from Llandinam Documents Section E, 297, National Library of Wales.

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²⁷ Durham Miners' Association, Acts of Parliament, County and National Agreements, revised ed. (1930), pp. 74–75.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., p. 76.

²⁹ Ibid., p. 77.

³⁰ Steam Collieries' Defence Association, Wages and Trade Customs, 1873 (1874), p. 108Google Scholar; Northumberland Coal Owners' Association, Proceedings of the Joint Committee from its formation to October 1897, NCRO, NCB/C 5/1,1/1.

³¹ Northumberland Coal Trade Arbitration, 09 1876, pp. 9–10, 20, 57–60, 94Google Scholar, NCRO, NCB/C 1/125.

³² Northumberland Coal Trade Arbitration, 07 1877, pp. 4, 8Google Scholar, NCRO, NCB/C 1/126.

³³ Minutes of NMA, Committee meeting 26 May 1881, NCRO 759/68.

³⁴ Ibid., circular on house-rent and fire question, March 1881.

³⁵ Ibid., circular of 2 January 1882.

³⁶ Ibid., circular of 9 January.

³⁷ Ibid., delegate meetings of 2 April 1881, 20–22 May 1882; circulars of 7 June 1881, 10 and 26 July 1882.

³⁸ Ibid., rent-committee meetings 27 July and 10 August 1886, special delegate meeting 18 September 1886 and 5 January 1887, delegate meetings 16 August 1890 and 22 August 1891, circular of 4 October 1890; L. W. Darra Mair, Report to the Local Government Board on the Sanitary Circumstances of the Whickham Urban District, with Special Reference to its Housing Accommodation Generally, and to Certain Back-to-Back Houses at Marley Hill in particular [Reports of Medical Inspectors of the Local Government Board, 262] (1907), p. 12.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Copy of letter sent to C. J. Grey, 23 February 1867, ibid., 407/2, p. 8. My thanks are due to Bill Williamson for this reference.

⁴² Estimated cost to equip Woodhorn colliery, September 1897, NCRO, NCB/AS 78.

⁴³ Valuation of Pegswood colliery, ibid., 66, 68–71.

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⁴⁷ Ibid.

⁴⁸ Bulman, H. F., Coal Mining and the Coal Miner (1920), pp. 252–61.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ This was drawn to my attention by Professor Norman McCord.

⁵⁵ DCOA, Returns as to houses or rents and coals, 08 1913, 668.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Rowe, Wages, op. cit., pp. 84–85.

⁵⁷ Rents for the mining areas from M. J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff 1870–1914 (1977), p. 85.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Daunton, “Down the pit”.

⁵⁹ Census of England and Wales, 1911.

⁶⁰ Mair, Darra, Report, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Census of England and Wales, 1911; see also McCord, N. and Rowe, D. J., “Industrialisation and urban growth in North-East England”, in: International Review of Social History, XXII (1977)Google Scholar; manager of Langley Park colliery to manager of Medomsley colliery, 13 September 1906, DCRO, NCB 4/3.

⁶⁵ Langley Park colliery, meeting between manager and deputation of the workmen, January 1900, DCRO, NCB 4/3.

⁶⁶ Garside, Durham Miners, op. cit., pp. 291–93.

⁶⁷ The cottages and plaque still stand.

⁶⁸ Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1918–1919, Vol. II, q. 17199.Google Scholar

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